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| 1600 | Irish Rebellion, East India Company formed | Essex Rebellion against Elizabeth I, Population of England estimated at 5 million | Battle of Sekigahara, Japan | Shakespeare's Henry V | Giordano Bruno burnt for theory of Universe |
| 1601 | Small Spanish force arrives in Ireland, Montjoy attempts to suppress Irish Rebellion, James Lancaster sets off on first East India Company voyage (returns 1603), | Elizabeth I's 'Golden Speech', Abolition of Monopolies | Dutch navigator, Olivier van Noort, returns after circumnavigating the world (begun 1598) | Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida | Kepler becomes astronomer to Emperor Rudolf II |
| 1602 | Bartolomew Gosnold explores 'New England', Lancaster's fleet welcomed as trading alternative to Portuguese, Spanish and Irish rebel forces defeated at Kinsala | | United Dutch East India Company incorporated, War between Turkey and Persia (until 1627) | Bodleian library opened | Gallileo investigates gravitation and oscillation |
| 1603 | Bantam established, Lancaster returns and sells pepper at huge profit | James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England, Sir Walter Raleigh arrested | Tokugawa Shogunate established in Japan, West African Bornu leader, Idris Aloma, dies, Samuel de Champlain and Francois du Pontgrave explore the Saguenay and St. Lawrence Rivers | Shakespeare's Hamlet | Acquapendente discovers valves in veins |
| 1604 | Anglo-Spanish Peace Treaty, Commercial Treaty between England and France | First Parliament of James I | Spanish capture Ostend from Dutch, Samuel de Champlain explores Atlantic coast of North America from Maine to Cape Cod | Measure for Measure and Othello
published | Kepler publishes 'Optics' |
| 1605 | | Gunpowder Plot | William Adams becomes adviser to Japanese Shogun, Dutch colony established in Japan, Mughal Emperor Akbar dies | King Lear
| |
| 1606 | Banda Islands Occupied, Plymouth Company ships scout Maine and New England, London Company ships scout Virginia | King James I proposes new National Flag to symbolise the joining of the Scottish and English Crowns in one person | Portuguese drive off Dutch from Malacca, Dutch ships land at Cape Keerweer in Australia | Ben Jonson's Volpone, Macbeth
| Galileo invents Proportional Compass |
| 1607 | Popham Colony established, Virginia Colony established, Flight of the Earls from Ireland, Henry Hudson sets out for find NW Passage to China | A formal Union between Scotland and England is rejected by English Parliament | French colonists abandon Champlain's settlement from 1604 | First Operas | John Norden writes 'The Surveyor's Dialogue' a manual for surveying |
| 1608 | Popham Colony abandoned, Virginia Colony reinforced - Chesapeake mapped by Captain Smith, Ulster Plantations, Henry Hudson searches Barents sea looking for NE Passage, The Hector is the first EIC ship to reach India - a trading concession is granted from Mughal Emperor | | Quebec settlements established by French | Coriolanus | |
| 1609 | Bermuda shipwreck, Ulster Plantations, Henry Hudson's third voyage to New England and the Hudson River | | Dutch Republic recognised, French clash with Five Nations Iroquois, Dutch establish trading factory at Hirado in Japan, Tea arrives by ship in Europe for first time | Shakespeare's Sonnets | Galileo's telescope, Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion |
| 1610 | Ulster Plantations, Virginia Colony abandoned but restarted when fresh supplies and settlers meet the fleeing colonists, Hudson's fourth voyage to search for NW Passage - reaches Hudson's Bay | James I prorogues Parliament, Parliament later reassembles | Louis XIII becomes King of France | Caravaggio dies | Gallileo views moons of Jupiter with telescope |
| 1611 | Hudson marooned by mutineers at James Bay, Muscovy Company sends out first whaling ship | Dissolution of Parliament by James I | Danes declare war on Sweden | Authorised version of King James Bible published, The Tempest, The History of the World by Sir Walter Raleigh | |
| 1612 | Surat Factory established, Bermuda colony established, Tobacco grown in Virginia Colony | | Japanese begin persecuting Christians, Dutch sign Treaty with King of Kandy in Ceylon, Dutch establish fur trading fort at Manhattan | John Smith publishes his Map of Virginia, Samuel Purchas publishes Hakluytus Posthumus about his travels | Bartholomew Pitiscus uses decimal point in his trigonometrical tables |
| 1613 | Hirado factory established in Japan, English colonists in Virginia destroy French settlement, Port Royal, in Nova Scotia and prevent French colony being established in Maryland, Belfast Incorporated | Princess Elizabeth marries Elector Palatine whose Protestant zeal enmeshes England into Continental political intrigue, Globe Theatre burns down | Romanov dynasty established in Russia, Turks invade Hungary, Champlain explore Ottawa River to Alumette Island | Henry VIII by Shakespeare | Hugh Myddleton constructs 'New River' cut to bring water to London |
| 1614 | Bermuda becomes Colony, John Rolfe marries Pocahontas, Virginia settlers resist French settlement attempts at Maine and Nova Scotia | James I's Second Parliament 'The Addled Parliament' meets but refuses to discuss finance and so is dissolved | Dutch traders found Fort Nassau at Albany on the River Hudson, Danish East India Company is founded, Cornelius Jacobsen Mey explores Lower Delaware | | Napier's Logarithms |
| 1615 | English ships defeat Portuguese fleet off Bombay in dispute over Trading Rights | Lady Arbella Stuart (with her own claim to the English throne) dies as a prisoner in Tower of London | Drinking Chocolate arrives in Europe from the New World, Dutch seize the Moluccas from Portuguese, Champlain discovers Lake Huron | Cervantes' Don Quixote, George Chapman completes translation of Homer's 'Odyssey' | Galileo faces Inquisition for first time |
| 1616 | Banda Islands reoccupied, William Baffin discovers Baffin Bay whilst searching for North West Passage | James I starts process of selling peerages to raise money | Japan ejects European Missionaries, William Adams sails from Japan to Siam on trading expedition, War between Venice and Austria, Dutch round Cape Horn for first time | Death of William Shakespeare | Willebrord Snellius discovers the law of refraction |
| 1617 | Sir Walter Raleigh released from custody and begins voyage to find 'El Dorado', Smallpox epidemic sweeps through New England reducing Indian population to barely 1,000, Pocahontas dies of Smallpox in England | James I returns to Scotland and addresses Scottish Parliament | Russia and Sweden end war | Ben Jonson becomes Poet Laureate | Willebrord Snellius establishes use of trigonometrical triangulation for cartography |
| 1618 | Sir Walter Raleigh returns to England empty handed and is executed | Francis Bacon Lord Chancellor | Dutch West Africa Company founded, Thirty Years War begins | | Kepler establishes third law of planetary motion |
| 1619 | First slaves arrive in Virginia carried by a Dutch privateer, 90 English women arrive in Jamestown, First representative colonial assembly in America at Jamestown under Governor Sir George Yeardley | | Cvil War in France, Protestants besiege Vienna before withdrawing | Inigo Jones designs the Banqueting House | William Harvey announces his discovery of the circulation of blood |
| 1620 | Pilgrim Fathers to Massachusetts, Mayflower Compact, John Carver first governor of Plymouth Colony | | Battle of the White Mountain near Prague sees Catholic League defeat King Frederick of Bohemia | Imperial Palace of Katsura in Kyoto is completed | Francis Bacon's Novum Organum Scientiarum, Edmund Gunter's Canon triangulorum - treatise on logarithms, Cornelius Droebbel tests a prototype of a submarine in the Thames |
| 1621 | Sir Francis Wyatt arrives as a new governor in Virginia with new regulations for its organisation, Banda Islands abandoned, Formal attempts to colonise Nova Scotia and Newfoundland | Parliament impeaches Francis Bacon but he is pardoned by James I | Philip IV King of Spain, Huguenot rebellion against Louis XIII, War between Holland and Spain restarts, Dutch West India Company chartered and takes possession of Holland's American claims | Van Dyck's Rest on the Flight into Egypt, Rubens' Portrait of his son, Nicholas | Kepler's work banned by Catholic Church |
| 1622 | Ferdinando Gorges receives grant of land to Maine in North America, Persians with help from the English East India Company drive Portuguese from Hormuz (William Baffin dies as a result of this action), William Bradford becomes governor of Plymouth | James I dissolves Parliament | Persian Forces take Kandahar from Mughals, Battle of Wiesloch | Rubens' The Medici Cycle | Francis Bacon's Historia Naturalis et Experimentalis, Edmund Gunter discovers magnetic variation of compasses based on location |
| 1623 | Hirado factory abandoned in Japan, St Christopher established, Dutch massacre English at Amboina and eject English East India Company from Spice Islands | Sir Edward Conway made Secretary of State | Persia conquers Baghdad, New Netherlands recognised as Dutch colony in North America | First Folio of Shakespeare's Comedies, Histories and Tragedies | |
| 1624 | England and Spain go to War (until 1630), Virginia Company dissolved and becomes Crown Colony, First English settlement in Eastern India | Monopolies declared illegal, James calls last Parliament | Japan expels all Spanish traders, Dutch seize Bahia in Brazil | Captain John Smith publishes The General History of Virginia | Henry Briggs' Arithmetica logarithmica, Johannes Baptista van Helmont cons term 'gas' for compressible liquid |
| 1625 | Colonial Office created in London, Barbados, St. Kitts and Nevis claimed as an English colony, Tobacco tax and tobacco monopoly established | Charles I succeeds throne and marries Henrietta Maria | French claim Antilles and Cayenne, Spanish capture Breda from Dutch | Daniel Mylens made court painter by Charles I | |
| 1626 | George Sandys makes first translation of a classic in America - Ovid's Metamorphoses | King sells titles to raise money | Dutch buy Manhattan from Wappiner Confederacy, French settle in Madagascar, First French settlement in Senegal, French 'Company for the Islands of America' Incorporated | Rembrandt van Rijn's Baptism of the Eunuch, John Donne's Five Sermons | Santorio Santorio measures human temperature with a thermometre for the first time |
| 1627 | | War between England, Scotland and France, Charles I grants charter to the Guiana Company, English fleet sails to help Huguenots at La Rochelle but fails to relieve them | Korea becames vassal state of China, Reykjavik attacked by Pirates, Company of the Hundred Associates established in France - given control of New France and monopoly of fur trade from Arctic to Florida, Swedish South Seas Company founded | Rembrandt's The Money Changer | Kepler compiles Rudolphine Tables which explained location of 1005 fixed stars |
| 1628 | Salem is founded on Massachusetts Bay | Duke of Buckingham murdered as he prepares to relieve La Rochelle | Dutch take Java, La Rochelle surrenders - Huguenots cease to be an armed power in France | Poussin's Mars and Venus, Taj Mahal constructed | William Harvey's Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis, First harbour with sluices constructed at Le Havre |
| 1629 | Edwin Sandys becomes governor of Virginia, Peace of Susa resolves war between England, Scotland and France, Quebec and Cape Breton captured by English/Scots but returned under terms of Peace of Susa, Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason establish New Hampshire | Charles dissolves Parliament - it does not meet again until 1640 | Portuguese plant the first America crops in Africa - Cassava and Maize, Peace of Lubeck, Truce of Altmark | Van Dyck's Rinaldo and Armida | Albert Gerard introduces brackets and other abbreviations into mathematical notations for the first time |
| 1630 | Portsmouth is founded in New Hampshire, John Winthrop arrives in Salem, Boston is founded and Massachusetts Bay becomes a Colony, | Treaty of Madrid between England and France | Pirates begin to settle in Tortuga and use as a base of operations | Gregorio Allegri's Miserere , Cribbage invented by Sir John Suckling | Kepler dies |
| 1631 | Leeward Islands established, Boston opens first shipyard, Blessing of the Bay is the first ship built in Massachusetts | | Dutch West India Company founds settlement at the Delaware River, Peter Minuit is recalled by Dutch authorities from Nieuw Amsterdam for corruption and excessive concentration of power, Battle of Breitenfield breaks power of Catholicism in Central Europe | Rembrandt's Portrait of his Mother, John Donne dies | William Oughtred proposes using the symbol 'X' for multiplication |
| 1632 | Charles I issues charter for Maryland named for his wife Queen Henrietta Maria and under the control of Lord Baltimore, Antigua and Montserrat settled | First coffee shop opens in London, Sir Francis Windebank made chief Secretary of State | French establish Acadia at Nova Scotia, Gustavus wins victories at Nuremberg and Lutzen but is killed in action, Portuguese driven out of Bengal | Van Dyck made court painter to Charles I, John Milton's On His Having Arrived at the Age of Twenty-Three | Galileo restates his belief in the Copernican system with the publication of Dialogo de Massimi Sistemi del Mondo |
| 1633 | English trading post established in Bengal, Edward Winslow becomes Governor of Plymouth Colony | William Laud becomes Archbishop of Canterbury, Royal Scots the oldest regular regiment are established, Trial of Lancashire witches | Japanese persecution of Christians intensifies, Dutch settle in Connecticut | | Galileo forced by Catholic Church to retract his defence of the Copernican model |
| 1634 | Lord Calvert arrives in Maryland to establish settlement for both Catholics and Protestants, The English establish a settlement at Cochin | In England, Oxford University Press receives a charter | Tulipmania reaches hysterical heights in Amsterdam, Jean Nicolet explores Lake Michigan and Wisconsin in search of the elusive North West Passage, Russo-Polish War ends, Cura'ao is captured by the Dutch | John Milton's Comus | |
| 1635 | Connecticut begins to be settled by English, Council of New England dissolved, The Great Colonial Hurricane hit the Virginia Colony at Jamestown and the Massachusetts Bay Colony | | Guadeloupe and Martinique are colonized by France, Dominica claimed by French, Dutch invade and occupy Northern Brazil, Dutch Delaware settlements destroyed by Indians, Dutch occupy Formosa, France declares war on Spain, Portuguese ships banned from Japan | Van Dyck's Charles I, Rubens'Apotheosis of James I on the ceiling of Whitehall | World's first free medical clinic opened in Paris by Theophraste Renaudot, Willem and Joan Blaeu publish the first edition of their Atlas Novus in Amsterdam. |
| 1636 | Roger Williams founds Rhode Island | | Dutch settle in Ceylon, Japanese Shogun bans all foreign travel, Franco-Spanish War continues, Tea available in Paris for the first time | Charles I Triptych by Van Dyck, Pierre Corneille's play, Le Cid | Harvard College founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts |
| 1637 | Massachusetts colonists have first hostile encounter with Indians with incident known as Hankins' Scissors resulting in the Pequot War. English emigration to New Word restricted by royal proclamation, English traders establish themselves at Canton, Ferdinando Gorges given title to Massachusetts after court battle | William Prynne, Puritan Parliamentarian condemned to be pilloried and mutinied for seditious writing | Commercial collapse of Dutch tulip trade, Dutch take Elmina fort from Portuguese and establish more forts on Gold Coast to ensure supply of slaves to New World, New Sweden Company incorporated to establish colonies in the New World, French traders set up fort at mouth of Senegal River, Japanese prohibited from all European contact except very limited Dutch trade through Hirado | Ben Jonson dies | Descartes' Geometrie |
| 1638 | Anne Hutchinson banished from Massachusetts and settles in Rhode Island, Treaty of Hartford ends the Pequot War | Scottish Covenant drawn up and signed, Charles abandons liturgy and canon in Scotland, Torture abolished in England | Swedish settle on Delaware River, Ottomans reconquer Baghdad from Persians, Dutch arrive on Mauritius, Kandyan Treaty signed between the Singhalese and Dutch to rid Ceylon of the Portuguese | Monteverdis' Eighth book of Madrigals , Rubens' The Three Graces, Covent Garden by Inigo Jones | Galileo's Mathematical Discourses, Dutch on Mauritius start clubbing Dodos into extinction |
| 1639 | English settle at Madras, First printing press in North America at Cambridge, Connecticut's Constitution adopted, The Barbados House of Assembly meets for the first time | First Bishop's War in Scotland | | | Gerard Desargues publishes book on modern geometry, Jeremiah Horrocks observes transit of Venus, Quinine used for medicinal purposes for first time |
| 1640 | First book, Bay Psalm Book, published in North America | Second Bishop's War, Short Parliament and Long Parliament | Portugal regains independence from Spain | Peter Paul Rubens dies | Coke made from coal for the first time |
| 1641 | Massacre of Ulster Protestants by Catholics, General Court of Massachusetts Bay Company codifies 100 laws | Cotton Goods begin to be manufactured in Manchester, William Laud sent to Tower of London, King Charles I of England gives his assent to the Triennial Act, reluctantly committing himself to parliamentary sessions of at least fifty days every three years, English law makes witchcraft a capital crime | Portugal is ousted from Malacca by the Dutch, French settle in Michigan, Tsar bans sale of tobacco, Dutch moved from Hirado to Nagasaki, Portugal and the Dutch Republic sign a Treaty of Offensive and Defensive Alliance but it is ignored by both sides | Van Dyck dies | Ren' Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy |
| 1642 | Sir William Berkeley becomes Governor of Virginia | Charles attempts to arrest 5 MPs, English Civil War breaks out, Edgehill, Income and Property Taxes introduced to England | Montreal founded by French, Portugal cedes Gold Coast to Dutch, Abel Tasman discovers Tasmania and New Zealand, Dutch drive Spanish from Taiwan | Rembrandt's The Night Watch | Pascal invents adding machine |
| 1643 | Christmas Island sighted and named by Captain William Mynors of the British East India Company, Confederation of New England formed | English Civil War continues, Battle of Newbury | Abel Tasman discovers the island of Tonga and Fiji, Dutch slaughter Wappinger Indians at Nieuw Amsterdam | Monteverdi's opera L'Incoronazione di Poppea
is first performed | Evangelista Torricelli devises the world's first barometer |
| 1644 | Powhatan Indian uprising against the English at Jamestown | New Model Army formed, Battle of Marston Moor | Ming Dynasty comes to end in China, replaced by Qing dynasty, Dutch settle on Mauritius, Tasman explores northern and western Australia | | Descartes' Les Principes de la Philosophie |
| 1645 | | English Civil War comes to end after Battle of Naseby | Dutch occupy St. Helena, Capuchin Monks sail up Congo River, Ottomans and Venetians fight over Crete, Portuguese colonists rise against Dutch in Brazil | John Milton's L'allegro and Il Penseroso | Preliminary meeting of London Scientists as a precursor to the formation of the Royal Society in 1662 |
| 1646 | Bahamas occupied | Charles I surrenders himself to Scots | Spain and the Netherlands sign a temporary cease fire | Henry Vaughan's Poems | Athanasius Kircher constructs first projection lantern |
| 1647 | Yellow Fever in Barbados, English Parliamentary forces fight in Ireland | The Society of Friends (Quakers) begin in Leicestershire, Scots sell Charles I to English Parliament, Charles escapes from Isle of Wight and signs new secret treaty with Scots | Treaty of Ulm, Peter Stuyvesant is appointed Director of New Amsterdam by the Dutch West India Company | Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher's Comedies and Tragedies | Johann Hevel's Selenographia about the lunar surface |
| 1648 | | King Charles and Scots defeated at Preston, Charles is brought to trial | Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years War, Naples returned to Spanish rule, The Dutch and the Spanish sign the Peace of M'nster ending Eight Year War, Portuguese defeat Dutch in the north of Brazil, Semyon Dezhnyov makes first recorded voyage through the Bering Strait between Asia and North America, Arabs besiege Portuguese in Muscat, France and the Netherlands agree to divide the Caribbean island of Saint Martin between them | Rembrandt's The Pilgrims at Emmaus | John Wilkins' Mathematical Magic
|
| 1649 | Royalist exiles arrive in Virginia in large numbers, Cromwell arrives in Ireland and sacks Drogheda and Wexford, Puritan exiles from Virginia settle in Maryland, Maryland passes Act of Toleration professing belief in Holy Trinity | Charles I beheaded for Treason, England declared a Commonwealth, English replaces Latin as official language for all legal documents, First English Frigate, Constant Warwick, is constructed | | John Milton's The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, Descartes' Passions of the Soul | Isbrand de Diemerbrock publishes study of plague called 'De Peste' |
| 1650 | Catholic Landowners in Ireland exiled to Connaught, Dutch and English come to agreement about extent of territories in North America | Montrose returns to lead a Royalist uprising but is captured and executed, Charles II returns to Scotland, Parliamentarians defeat Scots at Dunbar and capture Edinburgh, Tea first drunk in England, Coldstream Guards raised | Treaty of Nuremberg between Holy Roman Emperor and Sweden confirms and amplifies Treaty of Westphalia and bringing a peace to Continental Europe | Thomas Hobbes' Human Nature | Sir Richard Weston advocated cultivation of Turnips to help restore nutrients to soil in lieu of leaving them fallow |
| 1651 | Navigation Act introduced to limit Dutch involvement in Imperial Trade and force all intra-colonial trade to be conducted in English and Imperial ships, | Royalists defeated at Battle of Worcester, Charles II flees to France after travelling through countryside in disguise | Treaty between Tsar of Russia and Cossacks | Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan, John Milton's The Life and Reign of King Charles | Giovanni Riccioli produces map of the moon with many of the modern names of the lunar features |
| 1652 | First Anglo-Dutch War (until 1654), English defeat Dutch at Battle of Downs, Governor William Stone of Maryland is deprived of his office by Cromwell | English Parliament passes Act of Pardon and Oblivion to reconcile Royalists | Dutch settle at Cape of Good Hope | | Otto von Guericke invents the air pump |
| 1653 | English defeat Dutch at Portland, North Foreland and Texel | Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector | Chinese pirate Zheng Chenkong ravages Chinese coast with over 3,000 armed junks, Dutch settlers in Manhattan build a wall to protect themselves from English colonists (Wall Street) | Rembrandt's Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer, Peter Lely's Oliver Cromwell | Johann Schultes' book on surgical instruments and procedures is published posthumously |
| 1654 | Treaty of Westminster ends Anglo-Dutch War with Dutch agreeing to recognise validity of Navigation Act | Treaty of Commerce between England and Sweden, War between Poland and Russia, Portuguese finally drive Dutch out of Brazil | | Rembrandt's Portrait of Jan Six, John Milton's Defensio Secundia | Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat state the theory of probability, Otto von Guericke proves the existence of atmospheric pressure |
| 1655 | Admiral Penn captures Jamaica starting new war with Spain | Cromwell dissolves Parliament, England divided into military districts | Northern War begins between Sweden and Poland | Rembrandt's Woman Bathing in a Stream | |
| 1656 | Engish capture Spanish treasure ships off Cadiz | Jew are readmiited to England by Oliver Cromwell, Poles defeat Swedes at Warsaw, Charles II raises Grenadier Guards | The Dutch capture the city of Colombo in Sri Lanka, Dutch East Indies Shares plunge on Amsterdam stock exchange | Rembrandt declared bankrupt due to falls on Amsterdam stock exchange | The pendulum clock is invented by Christiaan Huygens, Thomas Wharton describes anatomy of glands |
| 1657 | Admiral Blake leads an English naval force in destroying the Spanish West Indies fleet at Santa Cruz, The Flushing Remonstrance representing the the earliest declaration of religious tolerance in the American colonies | Oliver Cromwell rejects offer of becoming King and remains Lord Protector but nominates his own House of Lords, Drinking Chocolate introduced to London | Sweden and Denmark go to war | Velazquez' The Spinners | |
| 1658 | | Oliver Cromwell dies and is replaced by his son Richard Cromwell | , Pierre Radisson explores the western end of Lake Superior, English and French defeat Spanish force at Battle of the Dunes, English take Dunkirk | Pieter de Hooch's Courtyard of a House in Delft | Jan Swammerdam describes red blood vessels for first time, Sir Thomas Browne advocates the use of cremation |
| 1659 | | Richard Cromwell overthrown, Constitutional crisis between Parliament and Army | Peace of the Pyrenees between France and Spain, Swedes driven out of Prussia, Pierre Radisson and Medart Chouart de Groselier reach Minnesota | Vermeer's Girl With A Flute | Thomas Willis describes typhoid fever |
| 1660 | Royal African Company founded, Navigation Acts ensure that tobacco, sugar, wool, indigo and apples from the American colonies are only exported to England and not to any rival powers | Declaration of Breda, Army invites Charles II back to the throne of England | Peace of Oliva ends Northern War between Austria, Poland, Sweden and Brandenburg, Peace of Copenhagen ends war between Denmark and Sweden, Dutch peasants begin to settle in South Africa (Boers) sparking off Dutch Khoisan War | Samuel Pepys begins his Diary | Water closets make first appearance in England |
| 1661 | Charles II receives Tangier, Bombay and '300,000 as a Dowry present for marrying Catherine de Braganza | Cavalier Parliament meets | Peace of Kardis between Russia and Sweden, In China the entire coastal population is ordered 10 miles inland in order to counter raids by Zheng Chenkong | Moliere's L'Ecole des maris and Les Facheux, Peter Lely is made court painter to Charles II | Robert Boyle's The Sceptical Chymist Christian Huyghens invents manometer for ascertaining elastic force of gases |
| 1662 | Connecticut granted a liberal charter | Church of England restored, Charles marries Catherine de Braganza, Charles sells Dunkirk to French | | William Rowley's The Birth of Merlin | Royal Society Formed, Boyle's Law |
| 1663 | Charles grants Royal Charter to Royal African Company, The Carolinas and Rhode Island | Turnpike tolls introduced to England for first time, Gold Guineas coined | Turks declare war on Holy Roman Empire, Colbert forms New France as a colony with Quebec as its capital | Vermeer's Woman with a Water Jug | Nicolaus Steno teaches that the heart is a muscle, Guericke constructs a frictional electrical machine |
| 1664 | Marathas sack Surat, Dutch Governor Peter Stuyvesant surrenders New Amsterdam to an English naval squadron commanded by Colonel Richard Nicolls. | The Admiral's Regiment is formed in England, later known as the Royal Marines | Colbert founds French East India Company | John Dryden's The Rival Ladies | Robert Hooke discovers Jupiter's Great Red Spot. |
| 1665 | Second Dutch War (until 1667), King Charles II of England issues a second charter for the Province of Carolina | Plague of London | Battle of Mbwila where a Portuguese force defeat s and kills King Ant'nio I of Kongo | Vermeer's Girl With A Pearl Earring | Robert Hooke's Micrographia published in London, The first using of the term 'cell' for plant tissue, Isaac Newton discovers binomial theorem |
| 1666 | English Privateers take Tobago, Puritans from Connecticut settle in Newark New Jersey, Dutch and French declare war on England, Four Days Battle where the Dutch fleet defeats English fleet | Fire of London | Expulsion of the Portuguese from the Bengal port city of Chittagong by Mughal forces of Emperor Aurangzeb, French take Antigua, Montserrat and St. Christopher | Vermeer paints The Art of Painting | Sir Isaac Newton invents calculus, uses a prism to split sunlight into its component colors and measures the moon's orbit |
| 1667 | The Treaty of Breda ends Second Anglo-Dutch War and recognizes Acadia as a French possession | Secret Treaty between Louis XIV and Charles II | Russo-Polish War ends, The War of Devolution begins | Milton's Paradise Lost | The first human blood transfusion is administered by Dr Jean-Baptiste Denys, Robert Hooke demonstrates that the alteration of the blood in the lungs is essential for respiration |
| 1668 | The English East India Company takes over Bombay, Government of Maine reverts to Massachusetts | | The Triple Alliance of 1668 is formed between England, Sweden and the United Provinces against France, Forces Louis to halt his war and sign the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle with Spain, Henry Morgan sacks Portobello, Sault Sainte Marie is first permanent European settlement between Lake Superior and Lake Huron, Spain forced to recognise Portugal | John Dryden becomes Poet Laureate | Isaac Newton builds the first Reflecting telescope, Leeuwenhoek describes red blood corpuscles, Robert Hooke's Discourse on Earthquakes |
| 1669 | John Locke's constitution for Carolina is approved, South Carolina is settled | Charles II offers Indulgence to Covenanters in Scotland | Venetians lose Crete to Turks, Last meeting of Hanseatic League, French begin trading in India | Samuel Pepys stops writing his Diary, Death of Rembrandt, First Stradivarius violin made | Nicolaus begins modern study of Geology, Jan Swammerdam's History of Insects, Phosphorus prepared for first time by Henning Brand |
| 1670 | The Hudson's Bay Company is founded, England gains formal possession of Jamaica, Spanish frigates attack Charles Town, South Carolina | | Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France sign the Secret Treaty of Dover ending hostilities between their kingdoms, First French settlers arrive in Senegal, Henry Morgan captures Panama. | John Milton's The History of Britain | Phosphorus is discovered by Hennig Brand, Minute hand appears on clocks for first time, Gabriel Mouton proposes a decimal system for first time in France |
| 1671 | Welsh buccaneer Henry Morgan captures Panama City - He is later tried for breaking Anglo-Spanish agreement but is reprieved by Charles II who later knighted him and made him governor of Jamaica | Thomas Blood attempts to steal the Crown Jewels, English Crown resumes direct control of Customs | The Ottoman Empire declares war on Poland, French Senegal Company founded | John Milton's Paradise Regained | |
| 1672 | Royal African Company granted Charter to exploit slave trade, Third Dutch War (until 1674), Customs duties on inter colony trade in Americas introduced, Tobacco from Americas begins arriving in Glasgow for processing | Royal Declaration of Indulgence suspends penal laws against Protestant nonconformists | Treaty of Buchach between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Jacques Marquette explores Missouri River | George Villiers' The Rehearsal | Flexible hose for fire-fighting invented y Jan van der Heyde |
| 1673 | Dutch capture New York | Test Acts - Those who refuse to receive the sacrament of the Church of England cannot vote, hold public office, preach, teach, attend university or assemble for meetings, Royal Declaration of Indulgence withdrawn | Trader Louis Joliet and Jesuit missionary-explorer Jacques Marquette explore the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes, Fort Frontenac founded, France begins expedition against Ceylon, Dutch flood Amsterdam to save it from French occupation | Moliere dies | |
| 1674 | Treaty of Westminster ends Third Anglo-Dutch War - A provision of the agreement transfers the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam to England, which renames it New York, in exchange for the British colonies of Berbice and Essequibo, Delaware is also returned to England, The East India Company arranges a trading treaty with the Maratha Empire | | Father Jacques Marquette founds a mission on the shores of Lake Michigan to minister to the Illinois people (later becomes known as Chicago) | Death of John Milton | John Mayow on the nature of combustion |
| 1675 | King Philip's War between colonists of New England and Algonquian Indians (until 1678), English merchant Anthony de la Roche, blown off course having rounded Cape Horn eastabout, makes the first discovery of land south of the Antarctic Convergence, landing on South Georgia | Charles II receives 500,000 crowns from Louis XIV which allows him to prorogue Parliament for 15 months | Alliance between France and Poland | Jan Vermeer dies | King Charles II of England places the foundation stone of the Royal Greenwich Observatory in London, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek begins to use a microscope for observing human tissues and liquids |
| 1676 | Bacon's Rebellion begins in the Virginia Colony | Greenwich observatory founded to allow navigators to fix their longitude | The Russo-Turkish War begins (until 1681), The French East India Company founds its principal Indian base at Pondicherry | | Edmond Halley observes the transit of Venus, Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovers microorganisms, Thomas Sydenham's Observationes medicae |
| 1677 | The Treaty of Middle Plantation establishes peace between the Virginia colonists and the local Indians, Culpeper's Rebellion in The Carolinas | The future Mary II of England marries William of Orange. | French capture Dutch ports on River Senegal and at Goree, Catholic missionary Louis Hennepin discovers Niagara Falls | Elias Ashmole donates the collection that begins the Ashmolean Museum to Oxford University | Antoni van Leeuwenhoek observes spermatozoa under the microscope. |
| 1678 | About 1,200 Irish families sail from Barbados to Virginia Colony and The Carolinas, All French goods prohibited from sale in England | Titus Oates and the Popish Plot, Roman Catholics banned from English Parliament | French admiral d'Estrees runs his whole fleet aground in Cura'ao, The Treaty of Nijmegen ends the Franco-Dutch War, Russia and Sweden go to war | Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress | |
| 1679 | New Hampshire separated from Massachusetts | Exclusion Crisis - helps lead to formation of Whig and Tory parties, Habeas Corpus amendment act | French claim territory around Lake Superior | John Dryden's Troilus and Cressida | Edmund Halley's Catalogus stellarum australium |
| 1680 | | Penny Post established in London by William Dockwra | French organise their American colonies from Quebec to mouth of Mississippi, First Brandenburgian expedition to West Africa | Sir Peter Lely dies | Dodo declared extinct |
| 1681 | Royal Charter issued for Pennsylvania | First use of written cheques, Founding of the Chelsea Hospital for wounded and discharged soldiers | Canal de Midi connecting Bay of Biscay to Mediterranean is completed | John Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel | Wren elected as president of the Royal Society, Edinburgh Royal College of Physicians founded |
| 1682 | William Penn founds Philadelphia | | French Court moves to Versailles, La Salle reaches mouth of Mississippi and names region Louisiana in honour of the French king | John Dryden's The Medall | Pressure Cooker invented |
| 1683 | Peace Treaty between William Penn and North American Indians | Rye House Plot where Whigs conspired to kill Charles II, Wild Boars extinct in Britain | Vienna besieged by Ottomans, Chinese take Taiswan, Dutch traders admitted to Canton, Jean Colbert dies in France leading to a decline in the power of the French Navy, League of the Hague against France, First German immigrants arrive in North America | | Isaac Newton explains mathematical theory on tides under gravitational attraction of sun, moon and earth |
| 1684 | Court of Chancery annuls charter of Massachusetts, East India Company given permission to establish trading factory at Canton | First attempts at street lighting in London, Thames freezes in one of the coldest winters in English history, Five shillings at pound import duty on tea | Holy League of Linz formed to fight Turks, German explorer Engelbert Kampfer travels to Persian Gulf, Java and Japan | Second part of Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress | Giovanni Cassini's Les Elements d'Astronomie |
| 1685 | East India Company forced to relocate its Spice Islands trading operation to Benkulen | Charles II dies and replaced by his Catholic brother James II, Duke of Monmouth's Rebellion fails, Titus Oates found guilty of perjury | French introduce Code Noir to attempt to establish more humane treatment of slaves, French Guinea Company founded to trade in slaves from West Africa, Edict of Nantes revoked leading to Huguenot exodus - many to England, Chinese ports declared open to foreign trade, First French settlers arrive in Texas | Edmund Waller's Of Divine Love | David Abercromby's De Pulsis Variatione |
| 1686 | Federation of New England formed by James II to remodel organisation of English colonies in North America, East India Company moves trading station from Hooghly to a more defendable site nearer the mouth of the Ganges - what will become Calcutta | Roman Catholics readmitted to serve in English army | League of Augsburg against Louis XIV, Russia declares war on Turkey, French annex Madagascar, First French settlers in Arkansas | | Edmund Halley draws first Meteorological Map |
| 1687 | Sir Hans Sloane begins botanical collection with visit to Jamaica | James II issues Declaration of Indulgence for liberty and conscience | Parthenon damaged by Venetians liberating Athens from Turks, Brandenburg establishes colony at Arguin in Guinea, French explorer La Salle is killed by his own men on the Gulf of Mexico | Matthew Prior's The Country Mouse and the City Mouse | Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica published |
| 1688 | Willoughby given to Dutch by William of Orange | James II deposed by William of Orange and Mary, Lloyds of London is formed at coffee house in London | | Aphra Behn's Oroonoko about slavery in Surinam | |
| 1689 | Siege of Londonderry, James II's Dominion of New England overthrown by Williamite supporters | Bill of Rights settles succession to the throne and grants rights to Parliament, Royal Dockyard at Plymouth Dock created by William III | Louis XIV declares war on England, The War of the League of Augsburg sees Dutch channel resources into land war against French and so gives English ships an opportunity to expand their activities, Indians destroy French colony at the mouth of the Mississippi, Treaty of Nerchinsk ends conflict between Russia and China whereby Russia settlers agreed to withdraw from the Amur basin, Natal becomes a Dutch colony | John Locke's On Civil Government | Death of Thomas Sydenham |
| 1690 | Calcutta formally founded by East India official John Charnock | Battle of Beachy Head sees French fleet defeat English fleet, Battle of Boyne confirms William of Orange as King over Charles II, Calico printing arrives in England for first time | | John Dryden's Amphitryon and John Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding | Denis Papin devises a pump with a piston raised by steam, Huyghens publishes his theory of the undulation of light |
| 1691 | Massachusetts issued with new charter and absorbs Plymouth Colony within it | Irish and Jacobite forces in Ireland surrender at Limerick - permission is granted to all Irish soldiers who wish to go into exile to France | Turks defeated at Szcelankeman | Racine's Athalie | Leibniz' Protogaea about geology, Death of Robert Boyle
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| 1692 | Earthquake in Jamaica destroys Port Royal, William and Mary take proprietorship of Pennsylvania from William Penn, Salem Witch trials in Massachusetts | Glencoe Massacre, Destruction of French Navy at La Hogue by English ends invasion threat | Edict of toleration for Christians in China | Henry Purcell's The Fairy Queen
| Leibniz invents calculating machine |
| 1693 | Kingston in Jamaica founded, Carolina formally divided into North Carolina and South Carolina, Foundation of College of William and Mary in Virginia | Battle of Cape St. Vincent sees Anglo-Dutch fleet defeated by French, Battle of Lagos sees French defeat English fleet off Portugal, William III instigates creation of National Debt | | William Congreve's The Old Bachelor | John Locke's Thoughts Concerning Education |
| 1694 | | Bank of England established, Death of Queen Mary, Salt tax doubled in England, English bombard Dieppe, Le Havre and Dunkirk, Greenwich Naval Hospital opened | Severe famine in France | William Congreve's The Double Dealer | Rudolf Camerarius' De sexu plantarum epistola |
| 1695 | | Window tax introduced into England, William III captures Namur | Russians fail to take Azov from Turks | Purcell's The Indian Queen, Henry Purcell dies
| Guillaume Amontons invents pendant barometer, Nehemiah Grew isolates Magnesium Sulphate at Epsom (known as Epsom Salts) |
| 1696 | Captain Shaddock takes Polynesian pomelo tree to Barbados a mutation of its seed will become known as grapefruit, English Navigation Acts forbid American colonies from exporting to Scotland or Ireland, Board of Trade and Plantations founded, Act strengthening enforcement of Navigation Acts, Act prohibiting Irish colonial trade, Fort William constructed in Calcutta | Assassination attempt on William III, Habeas Corpus suspended | Russia conquers Kamchatka, Russians capture Azov from Turks | Thomas Southern adapts Oroonoko for stage | John Ray describes the aromatic herb peppermint for first time |
| 1697 | Saint Domingue, Haiti awarded to France as part of Treaty of Ryswick | Civil List Act provides funds for Royal Household members, Whitehall Palace burns down | Treaty of Ryswick sees France recognise William of Orange as King of England, China conquers western Mongolia, French attempt to colonise West Africa, Spanish destroy remains of Mayan civlisation in Yucatan, Gold discovered in Brazil triggering off Gold Rush, Battle of Zenta | William Dampier's Voyage Round the World | |
| 1698 | New East India Company chartered to rival existing EIC, Royal African Company loses monopoly on Slave Trading, Captain Kidd begins career as pirate, Molyneux's Case of Ireland | London Stock Exchange founded, Scottish Colony of Darien, New Caledonia is founded | Arabs drive Portuguese from east coast of Africa | | Thomas Savery invents Steam Engine to pump water from Cornish tin mines, Champagne invented, Henry Winstanley begins building Eddystone Lighthouse |
| 1699 | William Dampier explores coast of Australia, Virginia moves its capital from Jamestown to Middle Plantation (Williamsburg) | Parliament limits the size of the home army to 7,000 'native born' men | Treaty of Karlowitz between Turks and Austrians, Russians, Polish and Venetians, Pierre Lemoyne founds French settlement in Lousiana at Fort Maurepas | Death of Racine | Edward Lhuyd describes a sauropod tooth which is the first known scientific description of a dinosaur's remains |
